// License: GPL v3 or later courtesy of author Kevin Wayne
package edu.princeton.cs.algs4;

/* ************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac Bag.java
 *  Execution:    java Bag < input.txt
 *
 *  A generic bag or multiset, implemented using a linked list.
 *
 *************************************************************************/

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

/**
 *  The <tt>Bag</tt> class represents a bag (or multiset) of
 *  generic items. It supports insertion and iterating over the
 *  items in arbitrary order.
 *  <p>
 *  The <em>add</em>, <em>isEmpty</em>, and <em>size</em>  operation
 *  take constant time. Iteration takes time proportional to the number of items.
 *  <p>
 *  For additional documentation, see <a href="http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/13stacks">Section 1.3</a> of
 *  <i>Algorithms, 4th Edition</i> by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 */
public class Bag<Item> implements Iterable<Item> {
    private int N;         // number of elements in bag
    private Node first;    // beginning of bag

    // helper linked list class
    private class Node {
        private Item item;
        private Node next;
    }

    /**
     * Create an empty stack.
     */
    public Bag() {
        first = null;
        N = 0;
        assert check();
    }

    /**
     * Is the BAG empty?
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return first == null;
    }

    /**
     * Return the number of items in the bag.
     */
    public int size() {
        return N;
    }

    /**
     * Add the item to the bag.
     */
    public void add(Item item) {
        Node oldfirst = first;
        first = new Node();
        first.item = item;
        first.next = oldfirst;
        N++;
        assert check();
    }

    // check internal invariants
    private boolean check() {
        if (N == 0) {
            if (first != null) return false;
        }
        else if (N == 1) {
            if (first == null)      return false;
            if (first.next != null) return false;
        }
        else {
            if (first.next == null) return false;
        }

        // check internal consistency of instance variable N
        int numberOfNodes = 0;
        for (Node x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
            numberOfNodes++;
        }
        if (numberOfNodes != N) return false;

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Return an iterator that iterates over the items in the bag.
     */
    @Override
    public Iterator<Item> iterator()  {
        return new ListIterator();
    }

    // an iterator, doesn't implement remove() since it's optional
    private class ListIterator implements Iterator<Item> {
        private Node current = first;

        @Override
        public boolean hasNext()  { return current != null;                     }
        @Override
        public void remove()      { throw new UnsupportedOperationException();  }

        @Override
        public Item next() {
            if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Item item = current.item;
            current = current.next;
            return item;
        }
    }
}